gaba levels  (Synaptic Systems)

Journal: Neuromodulation

Article Title: Conventional Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation in an Experimental Model of Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Quantitative Immunocytochemical Analysis of Intracellular γ‐Aminobutyric Acid in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

doi: 10.1111/ner.13398

Figure Lengend Snippet: a. Representative photomicrograph of anti‐GABA immunostaining. Note the difference in staining intensity between the large and small diameter somata. b. Comparison of average gray values in the ipsi‐ and contralateral DRG of both the Con‐DRGS and Sham‐DRGS treated group. No differences were observed between ipsi‐ and contralateral DRGs in both the Con‐DRGS and Sham‐DRGS group, nor were differences observed between the Con‐DRGS and Sham‐DRGS group in both the ipsi‐ and contralateral DRG. c. Comparison of average gray values based on soma diameter. Significant differences were observed in intensity of GABA‐immunoreactivity between the small‐sized as compared to the medium‐ and large‐sized soma. No differences were observed between ipsi‐ and contralateral DRGs in both the Con‐DRGS and Sham‐DRGS group for all three soma diameter ranges, nor were differences observed between the Con‐DRGS and Sham‐DRGS group in both the ipsi‐ and contralateral DRG for all three soma diameter ranges. * p < 0.01. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

Article Snippet: A study by Janssen et al. found intracellular GABA levels to be increased in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury ( ).

Techniques: Immunostaining, Staining, Comparison

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Adult trkB Signaling in Parvalbumin Interneurons is Essential to Prefrontal Network Dynamics

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1848-20.2021

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primary antibodies

Article Snippet: GABA levels , PV , Guinea pig , 1:1000 , Synaptic Systems , 195004.

Techniques: Virus

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Inhibition of GABA A -ρ receptors induces retina regeneration in zebrafish

doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.286972

Figure Lengend Snippet: Average RPKM values of GABA subunits from sequencing of sorted Müller glia

Article Snippet: Neural stem cell activity in the mouse hippocampus has been proposed to be regulated by sensing of non-synaptic GABA levels (Chell and Frisen, 2012; Song et al., 2012; Catavero et al., 2018).

Techniques: Sequencing

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Inhibition of GABA A -ρ receptors induces retina regeneration in zebrafish

doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.286972

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of the GABA A -ρ receptor in the absence of retina damage results in a Müller glia-derived proliferative response. Tg( 1016tuba1a:gfp ) zebrafish were intravitreally injected with either 1× PBS (A) or 25 nmol of the GABA A -ρ receptor inhibitor (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA; B), and then allowed to recover for 48 hours before sectioning. Immunostaining was performed with antibodies against PCNA or GFP to monitor DNA replication or dedifferentiation of Müller glia, respectively. Green: tuba1a :GFP; red: PCNA; blue: TO-PRO-3 in A and B. Scale bars: 50 μm. Number of optical slices: 53 (A) and 55 (B). GCL: Ganglion cell layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; ONL: outer nuclear layer. (C) Quantification of PCNA + cells. Each data point is from a separate eye and is an average of two sections, counting all PCNA + cells in the inner nuclear layer. Two-tailed Student’s t -tests were used to test for significance. Error bars indicate the mean ± SEM. n = 29. **** P = 1.12 × 10 –13 , vs . PBS. GABA: Gamma aminobutyric acid; GFP: green fluorescent protein; PCNA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

Article Snippet: Neural stem cell activity in the mouse hippocampus has been proposed to be regulated by sensing of non-synaptic GABA levels (Chell and Frisen, 2012; Song et al., 2012; Catavero et al., 2018).

Techniques: Inhibition, Derivative Assay, Injection, Immunostaining, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Inhibition of GABA A -ρ receptors induces retina regeneration in zebrafish

doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.286972

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of GABA A -ρ receptors via antisense morpholino injections in the absence of damage results in a proliferative response. Tg( 1016tuba1a:gfp ) zebrafish were intravitreally injected with 0.75 nmol of either a control morpholino (Ctl-MO; A) or one of two independent antisense morpholinos targeting the ρ 2A subunit of the GABA ρ receptor ( gabrr2a -MO1 (B, C) and gabrr2a -MO2 (D)) and then allowed to recover for 3 hours. Injected eyes were then electroporated and the fish were allowed to recover for 72 hours before sectioning. Immunostaining was performed with antibodies against PCNA or GFP to monitor DNA replication or dedifferentiation of MG, respectively. Scale bars: 50 μm in A and B. Green: tuba1a :GFP; red: PCNA; blue: TO-PRO-3 in A and B. GCL: ganglion cell layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; ONL: outer nuclear layer. Quantification of PCNA + cells compared to control morpholinos with either gabrr2a -MO1 (C) or gabrr2a -MO2 (D). n = 7 for Ctl-MO and n = 10 for gabrr2a -MO1 (C). n = 6 for Ctl-MO and n = 7 for gabrr2a -MO2 (D). Each data point is from a separate eye and is an average of two sections, counting all PCNA + cells in the inner nuclear layer. Two-tailed Student’s t -tests were used to test for significance. Error bars indicate the mean ± SEM. **** P = 8.7 × 10 –5 (C), ** P = 0.0089 (D), vs . Ctl-MO. Number of optical slices: 52 (A) and 46 (B). GABA: Gamma aminobutyric acid; GFP: green fluorescent protein; PCNA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

Article Snippet: Neural stem cell activity in the mouse hippocampus has been proposed to be regulated by sensing of non-synaptic GABA levels (Chell and Frisen, 2012; Song et al., 2012; Catavero et al., 2018).

Techniques: Inhibition, Injection, Control, Immunostaining, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Inhibition of GABA A -ρ receptors induces retina regeneration in zebrafish

doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.286972

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of ascl1a blocks TPMPA induced-proliferation. Tg( 1016tuba1a:gfp ) zebrafish were intravitreally injected with either 1 × PBS, 25 nmol of the gamma aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABA A -ρ receptor) inhibitor TPMPA, 0.75 nmol of control morpholino (Ctl-MO), 0.75 nmol ascl1a-MO targeting ascl1a, or combinations thereof. Fish were allowed to recover for 3 hours prior to electroporation, and an additional 45 hours before sectioning. (A) PBS/Ctl-MO co-injection. (B) PBS/ ascl1 -MO1 co-injection. (C) 25 nmol TPMPA/Ctl-MO co-injection. (D) 25 nmol TPMPA/ ascl1 -MO1 co-injection. Immunostaining was performed with antibodies against PCNA or GFP to monitor DNA replication or dedifferentiation of Müller glia, respectively. Scale bars: 50 μm. Green: tuba1a :GFP; red: PCNA; blue: TO-PRO-3 (A–D). GCL: Ganglion cell layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; ONL: outer nuclear layer. Number of optical slices: 41 (A), 46 (B), 46 (C), and 47 (D). (E, F) Quantification of PCNA + cells, with either ascl1 -MO1 (E), or ascl1 -MO2 (F). n = 5 for PBS+Ctl-MO, n = 6 for PBS+ ascl1 -MO1, n = 9 for TPMPA+Ctl-MO, and n = 8 for TPMPA+ ascl1 -MO1 (E). n = 7 for PBS+Ctl-MO, n = 10 for PBS+ ascl1 -MO2, n = 8 for TPMPA+Ctl-MO, and n = 8 for TPMPA+ ascl1 -MO2 (F). Each data point is from a separate eye and is an average of two sections, counting all PCNA + cells in the inner layer. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparison tests was used to test for significance. Error bars are the mean ± SEM. (E) **** P = 5.8 × 10 –9 (PBS+Ctl-MO vs . TPMPA+Ctl-MO); **** P = 1.2 × 10 –12 (PBS+ ascl1 -MO1 vs . TPMPA+Ctl-MO); **** P = 3.7 × 10 –11 (TPMPA+Ctl-MO vs . TPMPA+ ascl1 -MO1). (F) **** P = 1.5 × 10 –7 (PBS+Ctl-MO vs . TPMPA+Ctl-MO); **** P = 4 × 10 –10 (PBS+ ascl1 -MO2 vs . TPMPA+Ctl-MO); **** P = 2.45 × 10 –8 (TPMPA+Ctl-MO vs . TPMPA+ ascl1 -MO2). GFP: Green fluorescent protein; PCNA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen; TPMPA: (1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid.

Article Snippet: Neural stem cell activity in the mouse hippocampus has been proposed to be regulated by sensing of non-synaptic GABA levels (Chell and Frisen, 2012; Song et al., 2012; Catavero et al., 2018).

Techniques: Inhibition, Injection, Control, Electroporation, Immunostaining, Comparison

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Inhibition of GABA A -ρ receptors induces retina regeneration in zebrafish

doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.286972

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of the GABA A -ρ receptor induces gene expression changes consistent with canonical retina regeneration. (A) Retinas from Tg(GFAP:GFP) mi2001 zebrafish expressing GFP in Müller glia were dissected, dissociated, and fluorescence sorted to obtain GFP – and GFP + cells without injection of the gamma aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABA A -ρ receptor) inhibitor TPMPA or 24 hours after 25 nmol TPMPA injection. (B) Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was performed on RNA from GFP + and GFP – pools and fold changes in expression were determined for the indicated mRNAs. Fold changes are displayed as 2 –ΔΔCt . The red line indicates no change in expression. Fisher’s least significant difference tests were used to analyze fold change expression of the indicated RNAs in TPMPA-injected retinas compared to the uninjected retinas. Error bars are shown as the mean ± SEM. n = 3 biological replicates, each with 3 technical triplicates. **** P = 3.3 × 10 –6 ( ascl1a ); ** P = 0.0037 ( insm1a ); **** P = 5.4 × 10 –6 ( dkk1b ); ** P = 0.0056 ( let-7a ). GFAP: Glial fibrillary acid protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; TPMPA: (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid.

Article Snippet: Neural stem cell activity in the mouse hippocampus has been proposed to be regulated by sensing of non-synaptic GABA levels (Chell and Frisen, 2012; Song et al., 2012; Catavero et al., 2018).

Techniques: Inhibition, Gene Expression, Expressing, Fluorescence, Injection, Reverse Transcription

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Inhibition of GABA A -ρ receptors induces retina regeneration in zebrafish

doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.286972

Figure Lengend Snippet: Localization of GABA A -ρ transcripts via in situ hybridization. Retinas from Tg ( GFAP :GFP) mi2001 zebrafish expressing GFP in Müller glia were immunostained with antibodies against GFP to mark Müller glia. In situ hybridization was performed on the same sections using probes against the ρ2a subunit of the GABA A -ρ receptor ( gabrr2a ). (A) Z-stack formed from 69 optical slices. Optical slice thickness is 0.439 μm. (B) Representative optical slice from the z-stack in A. Scale bars: 20 μm. INL: Inner nuclear layer; OPL: outer plexiform layer. Green: GFAP :GFP; red: gabrr2a (A, B). GABA A : Gamma aminobutyric acid A; GFAP: glial fibrillary acid protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; TPMPA: (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid.

Article Snippet: Neural stem cell activity in the mouse hippocampus has been proposed to be regulated by sensing of non-synaptic GABA levels (Chell and Frisen, 2012; Song et al., 2012; Catavero et al., 2018).

Techniques: In Situ Hybridization, Expressing

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Inhibition of GABA A -ρ receptors induces retina regeneration in zebrafish

doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.286972

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dual inhibition of GABA A and GABA A -ρ receptors enhances proliferation. Tg( 1016tuba1a:gfp ) zebrafish were intravitreally injected with either 1× PBS (A), 6.25 nmol of the GABA A antagonist gabazine (B), 12.5 nmol of the GABA A -ρ receptor inhibitor TPMPA (C), or both (D). Fish were allowed to recover for 48 hours before sectioning and immunostaining with antibodies against PCNA or GFP to monitor DNA replication or dedifferentiation of Müller glia, respectively. GCL: Ganglion cell layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; ONL: outer nuclear layer. Scale bars: 50 μm. Green: tuba1a :GFP; red: PCNA; blue: TO-PRO-3 (A–D). Number of optical slices: 37 (A), 49 (B), 48 (C), and 61 (D). (E) Quantification of PCNA + cells. Each data point is a separate eye and is an average of two sections, counting all PCNA + cells in the inner nuclear layer. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparison tests were used to test for significance. Error bars are the mean ± SEM. n = 10 PBS, n = 10 Gabazine, n = 9 TPMPA, and n = 10 TPMPA/Gabazine. **** P = 1.2 × 10 –5 (PBS vs . Gabazine/TPMPA), ** P = 0.0016 (Gabazine vs . Gabazine/TPMPA); *** P = 0.0006 (TPMPA vs . Gabazine/TPMPA). GABA A : Gamma aminobutyric acid A; GFAP: glial fibrillary acid protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; PCNA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen; TPMPA: (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid.

Article Snippet: Neural stem cell activity in the mouse hippocampus has been proposed to be regulated by sensing of non-synaptic GABA levels (Chell and Frisen, 2012; Song et al., 2012; Catavero et al., 2018).

Techniques: Inhibition, Injection, Immunostaining, Comparison